# Fixing a Markdown Rendering Bug That Doubao Still Hasn't Fixed

- Author: Rory Cai (https://coiggahou2002.github.io/)
- Published: 2025-03-11 (Asia/Shanghai; 2025-03-11T13:00:00.000Z)
- Language: en
- Canonical: https://coiggahou2002.github.io/blogs/markdown-emphasis-fix/
- Chinese version: https://coiggahou2002.github.io/zh/blogs/markdown-emphasis-fix/

## Background
In a recent project at work, we needed to parse Markdown generated by an LLM and render it in a WebView on mobile. Along the way we ran into a Markdown rendering problem:

In the AI-generated Markdown, some bold text wasn't parsed correctly, so the raw asterisks showed up on the page.

After digging in, we found the cause was a specific rule in the [**markdown-it parser**](https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it), and we worked around it with a neat preprocessing trick.


## Symptoms
When the AI-generated Markdown contains something like `**我是加粗文本**`, it should render as **我是加粗文本**, but sometimes it comes out as `**我是加粗文本**` instead, like this:

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111129593.png)


After reproducing it a bunch of times, we confirmed that the basic cases all work fine:

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111133689.png)


❗The problem clusters around**「double asterisks sitting right next to a punctuation mark (Chinese or English)」**:

> If you look closely, you'll notice that the bold in the very sentence describing the problem 👆 is broken too

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111137645.png)

When I was looking into this, around March 11, DeepSeek's website had the same problem. I thought: well, here's my chance to brag. Time to dig in 😂

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202506131136290.png)

> **Update**
>
> As of today, while I'm writing this (June 13), Doubao still hasn't fixed this. You can reproduce it easily with a crafted prompt:
> ![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202506131135154.png)
>
> ![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202506131136258.png)
>

## Root Cause

Start with the basic Markdown processing pipeline:
1. A tokenizer turns the input Markdown string into tokens
2. The tokens are turned into an AST
3. Rendering of each AST node is handed off to the developer to customize (or falls back to the built-in default styles)

My suspicion was that when the parser turned the Markdown into tokens, it saw the double asterisks but didn't treat them as the opening marker of a bold span. So the asterisks were handled as plain text and displayed as-is.

Going through the markdown-it repo's [docs](https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it?tab=readme-ov-file#manage-rules) and source code, you can see the parser boils down to three files:
- [lib/parser_core.mjs](https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it/blob/master/lib/parser_core.mjs)
- [lib/parser_inline.mjs](https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it/blob/master/lib/parser_inline.mjs)
- [lib/parser_block.mjs](https://github.com/markdown-it/markdown-it/blob/master/lib/parser_block.mjs)


A reasonable guess is that the rule we need to look at is the "bold rule". Bold text is an inline element, so let's start with `parser_inline.mjs`. Sure enough, there's a rule called emphasis:

```js
const _rules = [
  ['text',            r_text],
  ['linkify',         r_linkify],
  ['newline',         r_newline],
  ['escape',          r_escape],
  ['backticks',       r_backticks],
  ['strikethrough',   r_strikethrough.tokenize],
  ['emphasis',        r_emphasis.tokenize], // here
  ['link',            r_link],
  ['image',           r_image],
  ['autolink',        r_autolink],
  ['html_inline',     r_html_inline],
  ['entity',          r_entity]
]
```

Opening it up confirms it: this rule exists specifically to handle text wrapped in `_` or `*`, and the core logic should live in this function:

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111200122.png)

Digging further, between the comment and all the character-position checks, it's a safe bet this is the code we're after:

> Scan a sequence of emphasis-like markers, and determine whether it can start an emphasis sequence or end an emphasis sequence.
> In other words: scan the bold markers and decide whether they can open a run of bold text.

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111203198.png)

Whether a bold marker can open or close a bold span comes down to the conditions for `can_open` and `can_close`.

From the previous snippet, you can see that for asterisk-based bold, the second argument passed in, `canSplitWord`, is `true`. So this is equivalent to:

We only need to look at:
- if `left_flanking` is true, it can open; otherwise it can't
- same for `right_flanking`

Let's walk through `left_flanking` (`right_flanking` is its mirror image, so the same reasoning applies).

We'll call the characters before and after the double asterisks lastChar and nextChar:

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111213379.png)

So the condition for double asterisks (`**`) to be parsed as a bold opener is: nextChar must not be whitespace, and at least one of the following must hold:
1. nextChar is not punctuation
2. lastChar is whitespace
3. lastChar is punctuation

That sounds a bit convoluted, but it's simple when drawn out:
![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111224211.png)

Looking back at our most common bad case, it's exactly the fourth situation: the double asterisks that should open the bold span are followed by a Chinese/English quotation mark and preceded by a Chinese character (not punctuation), so `can_open` ends up `false`.


## Approach

Knowing the cause, we still had to fix it. The options basically come down to one of these:
1. Modify the parser's source so our case passes too
2. Find a way to turn our case into one the parser accepts

Option 1 essentially "changes the rules" by modifying a shared function in the parsing library, and the blast radius would be hard to pin down in the short term.

Option 2 means finding a gap in the existing rules and slipping through it.

My brilliant colleague @gtbl came up with an idea: **add [zero-width spaces](https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%BD%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%BC) on both sides of every double asterisk**

Let's go back and see how the parser decides what counts as whitespace:

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111252404.png)

To our delight, the zero-width space `​` slips past this check. In other words, when the parser sees a zero-width space next to the double asterisks, it treats it as a "non-whitespace" character.

> **Zero-width space**
>
> The zero-width space (ZWSP) is a non-printing Unicode character that has no visual effect. In Unicode it's U+200B ZERO WIDTH SPACE, and in HTML it's `​`.

So our case now becomes:
![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/202503111255199.png)

One more small detail: for us (the people using this parser), it's hard to tell whether a given pair of double asterisks is meant to open or close. So we simply add zero-width spaces on both sides of every double asterisk, and that passes the checks too.

## Implementation

In the **preprocessing** stage, modify the Markdown string: insert a zero-width space (`​`) before and after every double asterisk, forcing the asterisks and punctuation apart.

### The replace function

Note: because `**` gets replaced with `​**​`, you need to avoid replacing it over and over.
```ts
const addZeroWidthSpaceAroundBoldMarkers = (markdown: string) => {

  const TempMark = '￿'; // Use an uncommon character as a temporary marker
  // Step 1: replace ** that is already wrapped in zero-width spaces with the temporary marker
  const markedMarkdown = markdown.replace(/​\*\*​/g, TempMark);
  // Step 2: wrap the remaining ** in zero-width spaces
  const replacedMarkdown = markedMarkdown.replace(/\*\*/g, '​**​');
  // Step 3: restore the temporary marker to its original form
  const finalMarkdown = replacedMarkdown.replace(new RegExp(TempMark, 'g'), '​**​');
  return finalMarkdown;
}
```

> **About U+FFFF**
>
> In the Unicode standard, ￿ is the last code point in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). In practice, this position usually isn't assigned to a concrete character with a defined meaning; it's mostly used as a special marker or placeholder. In certain contexts, such as text processing, character encoding conversion, or other special character manipulation, ￿ may be used to represent a special state or serve as a temporary marker character.


### Integration example
Call the preprocessing function before rendering with markdown-it:
```javascript
import MarkdownIt from 'markdown-it';

const md = new MarkdownIt();

// Preprocess the text
const processedText = addZeroWidthSpaceAroundBoldMarkers(aiResponseMarkdown);

// Render
const html = md.render(processedText);
```


## Result

![](https://cjpark-1304138896.cos.ap-guangzhou.myqcloud.com/blog_img/20250311130521.png)


## **Summary**
1. **The core issue**: markdown-it's parsing rules restrict certain combinations of special characters;
2. **The fix**: use zero-width spaces to break the adjacency between symbols. It doesn't break the rules; it coexists with them;
3. **Takeaway**: preprocessing is a general-purpose way to work around parser limitations, and it applies to other similar situations.


Thanks to @gtbl for the idea. Seriously impressive.